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ocean governance
The term "ocean governance" is understood to mean "the purposeful effort to steer, control or manage sectors or facets of society".〔Kooiman, J. (ed.) (1993) ''Modern Governance: New Government–Society Interactions'', London: Sage.〕 Within governance, it incorporates the influence of non-state actors, i.e. stakeholders, NGOs and so forth, therefore the state is not the only acting power in policy making. However, in terms of the ocean, this is a complex issue because it is a commons that is not ‘owned’ by any single nation/state. The consequences of this has resulted in humankind abusing the oceans’ resources, by treating them as shared resources, but not taking equal and collective responsibilities in caring for them.〔Boesch, D.F. (1999) The role of science in ocean governance. ''Ecological Economics'', 31, pp. 189–198.〕 This means that rules on the conduct of the ocean can only be implemented through international agreements.〔DeSombre, E.R. (2006) ''Global Environmental Institutions'', Abingdon: Routledge.〕 Therefore, there is a need for some form of governance to maintain the ocean for its various uses, preferably in a sustainable manner.
==Legal Framework==
There are two major international legal organisations that exist that are involved in ocean governance on a global scale. The International Maritime Organization (IMO), which was ratified in 1958 is responsible mainly for maritime safety, liability and compensation and they have held some conventions on marine pollution related to shipping incidents.
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